tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61776266175774771532024-03-13T07:38:21.064-07:00 語言人點評 L'Homme de parolesAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-31799213602714061482015-06-15T08:27:00.003-07:002015-06-15T08:33:13.201-07:00[外電翻譯] 語言的被害妄想症-為什麼澳洲這麼害怕語言?(Linguistic paranoia – why is Australia so afraid of languages?)<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">原文來自於《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><a href="http://theconversation.com/linguistic-paranoia-why-is-australia-so-afraid-of-languages-43236" target="_blank">The Conversation</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">》</span><br />
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">大約有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的澳洲人口講的不是英語。事實上,這個國家之中,有大約</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">250</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">種語言在家中使用。這似乎會是個值得歡慶的現象。畢竟,接連幾任政府都花費數百萬想要增加學習語言的學生。然而,在學校教的語言,以及那些在家裡講的語言之間,幾乎沒有什麼連結。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">在學校學習的外國語言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2001</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">年,霍華德領導的自由派政府希望達成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">25%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的十二年級學生能學習一種外國語的目標。同樣的目標也被</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2007</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">年的工黨陸克文政府遵循。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2014</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">年,自由黨的艾伯特政府期望在十年內能達成提高到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">40%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">,這些十二年級的學生要學習一種外國語言或古典語言。野心非常大,因為</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">25%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的門檻也還沒達到。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">僅僅</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">10%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的十二年級學生學習一種語言。然而有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的人口在家裡說英語以外的語言。這</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20%</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">是怎麼來的?答案是:澳洲政府很少理會家中使用的語言;他們偏好</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">外國且古典的</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">語言,而不是那些</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">在地而社群的</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">語言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">語言並不平等</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">澳洲的語言中,有一個很明顯的階層關係。英語是最優。其次是那些</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">古典</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">語言,像是法語和德語,尤其是在學校學習之中。然後,這些語言後面跟隨的是那些被認為對澳洲經濟繁榮有所幫助的──像是中文、印尼語和日語──但只有在他們被當作</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">外國</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">語來學的時候才是這樣。因為學習外國語言是相當聰明的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">但如果他們是已經在家中使用的語言,他們立馬在階層中往下滑落,和那其他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">245</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">種語言擺在一起。那些在底層的語言是澳洲原住民語,大部份的澳洲人對這類語言完全無知。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">那</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">245</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">種社群語言要在澳洲生存下來的機會是很遙遠的。澳洲非常善於殲滅語言。有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">250</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">種原住民語在英國殖民時期存在,而只有將近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">20</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">種至今仍保留下來。移民所帶來的語言通常會在兩代以內死亡。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">投注數百萬的經費在學習外國語言上,因此就顯得異常古怪,因為於此同時,不同的社群語言邁向被遺忘。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">只是語言上的勢利嗎?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">對於那些在學校學習其他語言的英語母語使用者,我們總是感到比較印象深刻,超過那些在家中學習的人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">每個人都多多少少對前總理陸克文流利的華語能力感到印象深刻,但我以為參議員迪奧王的華語遠勝過於陸克文先生的。我在猜想,比利時出生的財政部長柯爾曼能說德語、佛蘭芒語,可能也會說法語。我猜參議員塞諾奉能說希臘語,但也許他不能。也許他所繼承的希臘語已經流失了,與他表示</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">外國聲音</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的姓氏同樣諷刺。反對黨的副主席普里伯謝會說斯洛維尼亞語嗎?馬來西亞出生的反對黨主席黃英賢說的是華語、廣東話還是客家語?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">我不知道。我從未聽過他們任何一個人說過其他語言,或者在報紙上看到讚嘆他們語言實力的報導。他們沒有在網站上的自傳註明他們的雙語能力。也許他們已經遺失了他們所傳承的語言──或者也許說你在你家說其他語言,或是你跟你爸媽說其他語言,很不澳洲人。這兩種情況都相當悲哀。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">似乎在澳洲,如果你在學校或大學學習你的第二語言──那是相當聰明且值得欽佩的。如果你的雙語能力是來自於你的傳承,我們則選擇忽略它。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">多文化卻單語言</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 17.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">普遍上來說,要去開心地談論澳洲的多元文化,只要提一些好吃的食物,還有那些一年一度節慶上出現的舞蹈和音樂就好。但我們絕對不會對於多語言感到舒服。我們是一個你可以自由說其他語言的國家,但是最好是在你自己的家中,隱私地說,或者在國外度假時。似乎我們喜歡我們的外國語言,保持在</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">外國</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">的狀態。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">澳洲現在是一個</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">團結</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">已經在政治論述上超越</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">多樣</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」的社會與政治氛圍</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">。一個在日常生活中說多種語言的國家看起來有一點難以管理。畢竟,誰知道他們在說些什麼?一個說在外國土地說外國語言給外國人聽的社群安全多了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: Helvetica;">我們應該要把我們的多語主義鎖進櫃子裡頭是很奇怪的事。大多數其他國家說超過一種語言是很稀鬆平常的事。多元語言有這麼多伴隨而來的經濟、認知、社會與政治好處,不去擁抱且滋養這些在家中使用的語言,顯得格外地浪費且荒謬地被害妄想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #383838; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 12.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><br /></span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0澳洲-25.274398 133.77513599999997-75.069929 51.157948499999975 24.521132999999995 -143.60767650000003tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-48531527235344452092015-01-30T07:59:00.000-08:002015-01-30T08:17:41.846-08:00注音符號的文化政治/ㄓㄨˋ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄨˊ ㄏㄠˋ ㄉㄜ˙ ㄨㄣˊ ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄓㄥˋ ㄓˋ/Zhuyinfuhao de wenhua zhengzhi<div class="MsoNormal">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B2IAM-ZjDio/VMupgVZ7yCI/AAAAAAAAJOs/gb0tWmPwu-E/s1600/DSC_0787.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-B2IAM-ZjDio/VMupgVZ7yCI/AAAAAAAAJOs/gb0tWmPwu-E/s1600/DSC_0787.jpg" height="300" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Do you know what ㄈㄨˊ ㄌㄨˋ ㄕㄡˋ means? (photo by 陳芃羽)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「注音符號」是台灣人學習華語必經之路,英文譯名就叫做</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Bopomofo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,也就是ㄅㄆㄇㄈ。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最近開始對「注音符號」的文化政治產生興趣,在接待韓國首爾大學地理系學生時,帶他們走訪剝皮寮街區,紅磚牆上有一隻年獸,從他的嘴巴中說出「ㄈㄨ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ˊ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄌㄨ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ˋ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄕㄡ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ˋ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,注音符號和韓文書寫系統原理類似,我向這幾位韓國學生解釋,ㄌ就像他們的</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Batang",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄹ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而ㄨ則是</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Batang",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㅜ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,所以ㄌㄨ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ˋ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對應韓文的</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Batang",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">루</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這麼一說,他們就懂了,我說,這是一套全世界只有台灣在用的拼音系統。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">關於注音符號的台灣特殊性為何?或者說,注音符號有沒有因為他侷限的適用地理範圍而連結到台灣性?根據蘇席瑤(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">2007</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的研究</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,應該是沒有,反而被連結至一種幼稚與無知的形象,尤其在注音文中特別明顯,將漢字與注音符號的混用被認為「沒有水準」,甚至「褻瀆文字」,對照我自身及週遭同學的經驗,在看不出語氣的網路語言中,使用注音文常常有「引戰」意味,造就一種輕浮、不莊重與挑釁的氣氛,批踢踢大部分的版都在版規中加上「注音文劣退」的但書,使用注音文會被人質疑「沒受過教育」,譬如要表示笑聲時,「ㄎㄎ」就會顯得比「顆顆(或科科)」令人厭惡,甚至使用羅馬拼音「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ker ker</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」都來得好上許多,然而韓國人卻會使用韓文字母的「</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Batang",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㅋㅋ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」(</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Batang",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㅋ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">音同氣比較重的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">k</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)來表示笑聲,蕭景岳(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">2004</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)就認為其中的原因可能來自於漢字系統被拼音化而帶來的反彈</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,因為注音符號不再是單純的拼音字母,而成為新生的中文字。這種說法或許可以解釋為何援用羅馬拼音的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ker</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">能被接受,而ㄎㄎ卻不行,以及韓國人為何能接受使用不可能單純出現的</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "Batang",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: Batang; mso-fareast-language: KO;">ㅋ</span><span lang="KO" style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: KO; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來表示笑聲,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為韓文本來就是表音文字。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">然而,學習注音符號這件事確實在某些層面形塑了台灣性,中港澳學習華語的方式是直接連接漢字與其發音,換言之,開始學華語時,老師或家長會要求孩子記住</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">念作</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">wo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ˇ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而不會</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄨㄛ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">『</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">窩</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、三聲</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">『</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">』」,台灣相反,我們的學習方式是將漢字的音拆解為不同的注音符號,先學音、再學字,某個年齡層以前的台灣人會寫出一整句完全只有注音符號的語句,識字不多的台灣兒童可以完整念出《國語日報》所撰寫有關服貿議題的艱澀內容(即便他們不懂),中港澳的孩子則是沒見過的字就是沒見過,就是念不出來。中港澳裡頭又有差異,中國大陸學生學習漢語拼音,輸入法也使用漢語拼音,港澳則使用倉頡或筆畫輸入法,我一</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">位來自香港的同學表示,他們從小並沒有拆音的概念,所以他一開始學習英語時便遇到很大的理解困難,為何</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">/b/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">碰上</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">/a/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">/ba/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">?乃至於他到現在學習韓語也有這樣的障礙,這個問題聽在台灣人耳裡會覺得非常奇怪,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">/b/+/a/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">/ba/</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">呀!在香港讀書的學長也說,有一門台灣老師開授的課程,那位老師談到跨語言主題的時候,要說明漢語拼音的缺陷,試圖指出漢語拼音所拼出的並非正確的音,他說像把</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">波</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">寫成</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">po</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就少拼了一個中間的音,中間有一個ㄨ的音(雖然注音也不會標出來,但台灣人就是知道ㄆㄛ要念ㄆㄨㄛ),結果台下學生一頭霧水,我那位學長就一直在憋笑,心裡想</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你這樣解釋誰聽得懂?</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">另一位學妹也說,她和香港好友說話時,有時因發音不準,強調自己說的是</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄓㄨ朱</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,結果那個香港人冷冷的說,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">沒有人聽得懂你在說什麼</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">注音符號有其形成背景,在國民黨黨史館中留有當時制定這套系統的手稿,譬如</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄅ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就是從</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">包</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的偏旁</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">勹</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而來,取其子音;又或者</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ㄦ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">取自</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">兒</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的下部,以示韻尾。某種程度上,注音符號連結到漢字文化的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正統</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2013</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年時,就有一些華語學系共同舉辦</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「國語注音符號百週年國際學術研討會」,目的是「提升注音符號在音韻學、語文教學、生活應用各方面之價值」,這種連結某種程度上影響了台語書面化歷程的書寫系統之爭,在台文系與華語系兩造對注音符號</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">觀點差異上可見一斑,台文系所系統出身的李勤岸與李淑鳳認為</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拼音符號演化<span lang="EN-US"> ê </span>過程<span lang="EN-US"> tú </span>好是:<span lang="EN-US">uì</span>『漢字拼音』(詞素制)到『假名拼音』(音節制)到『注音符號』(準音素制)到『羅馬字拼音』(音素制)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」,因而使用羅馬拼音而非注音符號來書寫台語文,是基於一個普世的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">拼音進化</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,而雖然國民黨遷台後有為台語和客語基於注音符號制定一套方音系統,但</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國國民黨政府一意欲實行殖民主義<span lang="EN-US">ê</span>國語政策<span lang="EN-US">……</span>雖罔官方語言長期以來一直沿續『ㄅㄆㄇㄈ』式<span lang="EN-US">ê</span>注音符號<span lang="EN-US">……</span>猶有後起<span lang="EN-US">ê</span>一寡台語『注音符號』<span lang="EN-US">l</span>ó<span lang="EN-US">ng</span>無成為主流<span lang="EN-US">ê</span>台語拼音符號<span lang="EN-US">ê</span>原因</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。本土派的李遠哲也曾在其擔任中研院長時,代表「教改會」提出以「羅馬拼音」取代「注音符號」,裡頭有世界主義的色彩,認為西方國家均使用羅馬字母,改用「羅馬拼音」才是對文化他者友善,《華語處處通》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">1999</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日的特輯彙整報載意見,華語教學學者李振清當時就認為注音符號有其優越性,並且是從漢字衍生而出,與西方字母大不相同,他指出</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">環顧在我們社區的猶太民族與日僑,他們從未想到以拼音來取代希伯來文,平假名與片假名或漢字,理由很簡單,語言與文化認同不應因政治或外來的詮釋而加以否定,做為炎黃子孫,我們更不可因貪圖沒有理論架構基礎的表面方便或因受到誤導而放棄深具語言學理與文化內涵的中國文字</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>。雖然前面有一部分談的是台語的書寫,但對於注音符號的語言意識型態仍可以放置到更大的語言態度來看,不見得是針對台語。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">談到這裡,有一些「注音符號」衍伸出文化政治的邏輯:「注音符號」教育造就台灣人認知語言的方式有異於港澳人民,但若換成教導「羅馬拼音」,可能還是能夠存在一樣的文化差異,或說台灣性;要在語音學習階段使用注音符號或是羅馬拼音,牽涉到中國文化正統性,以及以世界主義包裹的本土性追求,兩造間的對抗。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">外國人怎麼看?政大華語中心高佳裕的研究指出</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,根據該中心</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2008</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">學年度的統計報表,有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">12%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的外國學生主動參加注音符號課程,並且其中有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">67%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已經會漢語拼音,學習動機方面,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">34%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是為了練習發音、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">25%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">純粹有興趣、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">25%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為了使用注音輸入法,還有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">12%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是為了看有注音符號的書籍。這次前往澳門的兒童圖書館,發現兒童讀物泰半來自台灣,因此,澳門兒童的讀物裡標有大量的注音符號,觀察澳門家長如何帶孩子讀讀本,仍然是直接教導孩子某個樣子的文字如何發音,直接忽略注音符號,同行的學妹在我的逼迫下,跑去問一個自己讀書的小女孩知不知道文字旁邊寫的是什麼?小女孩直接開始講起故事內容;另一個同行的同學則去詢問館員,館員表示澳門人大多知道台灣使用注音符號,但家長陪讀兒童讀物時,仍然會完全忽略。我的觀察是,注音符號提醒了家長這些書來自台灣,而不是港澳使用傳統中文字的出版社。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最後要談一下我的觀點,從台灣性的組成來看,保留繼續使用注音符號反而是構成台灣文化主體性的一種方式,我寫往中港澳地區的明信片,為了避免內容一下被看光,會把一些句子改用注音符號書寫,注音符號能不能是一種書寫系統?我想是可以的,台灣人(尤其是都市年輕人,中老年人與鄉村人反而沒有這現象)若能放下對注音文的意識形態,連帶著台灣獨有的注音鍵盤</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,在文化他者眼裡,確實就是構成台灣文化的獨特元素,注音書寫甚至可能成為台灣人的某種摩斯密碼,對應到韓文的書寫系統,我們又同時保有漢字系統,會英語的台灣人學習漢語拼音亦非難事,當</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">多書寫</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">multi-literal</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)成為台灣人的語言技能,非但不會像某些主張廢除注音符號者所說的</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,會</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">妨礙英語學習/英語力</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」、「多一種書寫系統是多此一舉」,反而從語言心理學的角度,甚至可能促進台灣人的想像力,譬如我們同時拆音自如、也能拆解文字,甚至也可以主觀判斷自己名字用漢語拼音準、還是通用拼音準。當中國學者在英文論文中誤用「<span lang="EN-US">Bopomofo</span>」表達中國大陸的漢語拼音時<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,台灣人應該要覺得有趣,我們的文化混雜得讓中國人愈來愈看不清,但與此同時其他國家的人卻知道注音符號構成台灣(<a href="http://www.thenanfang.com/blog/god-forgot-about-me-father-of-pinyin-turns-109/" target="_blank">南方週末</a>介紹漢語拼音創立人的英文新聞下,國外網友留言指出這與台灣無關,台灣人不知道自己用什麼系統,但整個島上從威妥瑪、漢語到ㄅㄆㄇ都出現了),某種意義上,這是件好事。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Su, H. Y. (2003). The
multilingual and multi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">orthographic
Taiwan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">based Internet: Creative
uses of writing systems on college</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">affiliated
BBSs. Journal of Computer</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體;">‐</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Mediated
Communication, 9(1).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蕭景岳(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2004</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。網路、社會、與</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">code-switching–</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">注音文嵌入普通話文章之初探。網路社會學通訊期刊,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">39</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://mail.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/39/39-02.htm">http://mail.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/39/39-02.htm</a>
[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">檢索日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">01</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分別可見〈台語羅馬字拼音演化史論〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">http://www.ntcu.edu.tw/taiwanese/ogawa100/a/tsuliau/8.%E6%9D%8E%E5%8B%A4%E5%B2%B8-%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9.pdf</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;李淑鳳</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年碩士論文《台語羅馬字拼音符號史論》第二章〈台語拼音符號</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">ê</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">類型〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/giankiu/lunbun/Siokhong/Siokhong.asp">http://ip194097.ntcu.edu.tw/giankiu/lunbun/Siokhong/Siokhong.asp</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.chinesewaytogo.org/teachers_corner/expert/abc_pron.php">http://www.chinesewaytogo.org/teachers_corner/expert/abc_pron.php</a>
[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">檢索日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">01</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">參考自高佳裕〈談注音符號教學</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">─</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">針對外國學生所做的討論〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://mandarin.nccu.edu.tw/data/teacher/10.pdf">http://mandarin.nccu.edu.tw/data/teacher/10.pdf</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可以參考郭文化寫在歷史柑仔店這篇〈解開鍵盤的身世密碼(下):倉頡與注音輸入的文化史〉,裡頭提到當年發明韓文打字機的公炳禹曾主動製作以注音符號為鍵盤的「中文打字機」給蔣經國,認為它可以讓不識漢字者或盲人可以藉此與人溝通,但這種「幼稚」的打字機並未得到重視,在總統府收下後便石沉大海。韓文字的發明就是為了促進識字率,所以有這段火花並不令人意外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://kam-a-tiam.typepad.com/blog/2015/01/%E8%A7%A3%E9%96%8B%E9%8D%B5%E7%9B%A4%E7%9A%84%E8%BA%AB%E4%B8%96%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E4%B8%8B.html">http://kam-a-tiam.typepad.com/blog/2015/01/%E8%A7%A3%E9%96%8B%E9%8D%B5%E7%9B%A4%E7%9A%84%E8%BA%AB%E4%B8%96%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E4%B8%8B.html</a>
[</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">檢索日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">01</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">請見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2007</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">PEOPO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">公民新聞〈小朋友不要再學注音了〉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><a href="http://www.peopo.org/news/13221">http://www.peopo.org/news/13221</a> [</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">檢索日期:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2015</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">01</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">30</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"> Yan, Y., & Deng, T.
(2009). On Chinese Loan Words from English Language. English Language Teaching,
2(4), p33.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-13327982254682880792015-01-23T12:16:00.000-08:002015-01-23T12:17:30.093-08:00你會說什麼語言?從Blommaert的啟示談自身的語言學習史<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「你會什麼語言?」看了一下問卷,勾了「中文」、「英文」和「法文」,接著就問你「熟練度」,譬如「精熟」、「尚可」和「略懂」。這是不知道做過多少次的問卷內容,就連一些語言學者都用這種方式來做量化研究,有時候會依此算出一些語言能力和身分認同的相關係數,然後下結論:「台語能力與台灣人認同沒有相關。」如果你跟我一樣說不出哪裡怪,那麼我推薦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Jan Blommaert</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的說法。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Jan Blommaert</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一位比利時社會語言學家,或說語言人類學家,特別擅長於語言議題的全球化理論建構,他在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年出版的《全球化的社會語言學》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">The Sociolinguistics of
Globalization</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)中,談到「語言技能」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">repertoire</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。他說,語言技能的不同元素會看似為一個相對「扁平」的語言、語言變體、溝通技巧「並置」,好像一個語言拼盤一樣,如同當某人說他會英語、法語和荷蘭語,你的腦中就呈現一盤沙拉,有一塊大火腿上寫「英語」、有一片萵苣上寫「法語」,另外有一個切半的水煮蛋上寫「荷蘭語」,依照大小,這個拼盤表示著那個人的法語最強、荷蘭語最弱。這樣的「扁平並置」,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Blommaert</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">認為,會隱藏了實際語言資源間極端的差異,而被隱匿的差異其實相當重要,因為他們界定人們何時使用特定資源,以及他們如何使用這些語言。也就是說,只給你看一盤沙拉,你無從得知為什麼那裡會有一顆水煮蛋,水煮蛋什麼時候會夾在萵苣裡吃。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Blommaert</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">特別強調,不同語言資源間的區別,能夠呈現該語言資源成為個人語言技能的軌跡,也就是這些他所謂的「社會語言學歷史」。他認為,「共時化」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">synchronization</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)是語言技能讓他們自己被視察的方式,也就是不同語言資源被擺放在同個時空脈絡下,但本質上他們卻非共時,尤其是在我前面所提到的那種問卷中,這種現象特別明顯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">Blommaert</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,在社會語言學論述中,我們總是持續共時化一些事實上是多線的真實,他們其實是多重且非常不同的引線,引出人們的生命,以及他們所居的社會歷史。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">基於這個說法,我便想陳述自身的社會語言史。我的母親是苗栗客家人、父親是外省第二代,外公、外婆說的是「大埔腔」客語,爺爺、奶奶說國語。從小我便在全國語的情況下長大,大約在小學一年級時,媽媽因為周遭鄰居都開始把小孩送往英語補習班而感到慌張,於是也把我送往了英語補習班,我還記得名稱叫做「加爾頓」,回溯過去,那時大約是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">2000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年過後,亞洲金融危機剛過沒幾年,整個東亞陷入英語教育的大刀闊斧,英語在治理上開始成為國家能否進入全球經濟市場的關鍵,我大概就是第一批英語補習熱的孩子。後來中間停了一陣子,才換到了「何嘉仁美語」,我最後有印象、教我最久的外師是一個華裔加拿大人,「何嘉仁」使用「自然發音法」,導致我後來許多英語單字是嚴重的發音錯誤,譬如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">oo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">念</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">[u]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,因此我會把</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">blood</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(血液)念成</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">[blud]</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">媽媽並沒有教我客語,這是台灣社會語言學研究中典型的現象,就是無論爸爸或媽媽是客家人,通婚對象是外省第二代、閩南人或原住民,很大比例的客家人不會教小孩客語。我是陳水扁執政「鄉土語言教材」的第一屆(或第二屆),我還記得我拿著貼著回條的聯絡簿,問媽媽說我是不是要選「客語」?媽媽叫我勾「閩南語」,那時她說「閩南語」在社會上比較有用、比較多人講,我那時也滿開心的,因為選客語的人要被抽出來到另外一個教室上課,而我比較喜歡跟大家一起上課。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這邊要岔出來說一下,我的閩南語是看民視八點檔學的,因為我是一個重度電視兒童,並且尤其喜歡看連續劇,我第一齣看的是《飛龍在天》,恰巧裡頭的主角現實生活中根本不會講閩南語,台詞是硬背的,所以我的閩南語發音是「賈靜雯」教的,基本上,嗯,不太「標準」,尤其是腔調和濁音、尾音的部分。我還記得閩南語課本第一課是「無魚蝦嘛好」。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我的英文學習能力很強,除了發音因為自然發音所以很多錯誤外(英語有一半以上的字是外來語,自然發音無法預測),我對文法或單字的拆解格外地強,因此國中三年的英語幾乎是躺著過,我還會自己編講義給同學,甚至</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">指正</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」英語</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">老師教錯(現在想起來實在是不太好),其實一直到高中,對我的社交圈而言,可以說英語提供了很大的社會資本,因為我擅於用邏輯的方式(結構語言學)解題,所以同學喜歡問我英文,那常常比老師回答</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">美國人就這樣說</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">來得有用,我還在高中加入了英語會話社,一路成為在台上的教學,在那之前我也不怕公開講英文。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">進入英語會話社後,我開始發現我的腔調既不美、也不英,發音好像也有些怪,比起那些台北市長大的小孩(不知道是不是有家教),我的英語似乎多了些</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">台味</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但也不至於電視上模仿的台式英語那種程度就是,在台灣對口音有強烈意識形態下,我漸漸不太敢開口說英語。最劇烈的打擊,是某次我在台上教學弟各種領域的單字時,連續把</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;">blood</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">等字發音發錯,某位在台下看書的同屆同學直接對在台上的我說</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你發音發得那麼爛,怎麼還敢在上面教啊?</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">雖然他私底下本來就常常向我炫耀他唱英語歌時的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">洋腔</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但配合了當下的地理空間脈絡,自此我再也不敢在台灣人面前講英語,我寧可在非得用英語時,選擇用拼的方式說出來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">高中時,我基於興趣而在</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">夏朵英語</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">補習,夏朵的教學中有不少語音學和構詞學原理,這讓我開始對語言學產生興趣,英語對我而言開始轉而成為一種驗證語言是否有系統邏輯的實驗品,為了更理解英語,我在升大學的暑假買了法語學習書,在那之前是因為讀了</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">布萊森的英語簡史</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">》</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這本書,得知英語有大量來自法語的詞彙,才想透過學習法語更瞭解英語,當然裡頭還有一些台灣人對法國的典型浪漫想像,我還記得我在台大外文系的口試時說,我想要學法語,因為那會讓我變得很浪漫(現在想起來快笑死),還有一部分原因是我對英語產生極大的厭惡感,我現在還不能確定為什麼,除了不愉快的語言歧視外,那年暑假到美國遊玩時,因為膚色(或被誤以為是中國人)而遭到的言語歧視,讓我連帶地對美國人所使用的語言感到負面觀感,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語霸權</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從那時候開始浮現在我腦中。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因為法文二老師的教學風格,我開始對法文產生疲憊感,放棄繼續修習法文三。同時,太陽花學運後強化的台灣人認同,讓我在日常生活中開始喜歡把閩南語穿插著講,同時也受到我的閩南語腔具搞笑效果所影響,也在看完客家電視劇</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">《在河左岸》後,不時地會用客語去回應別人的話。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-43421917285366377712014-11-19T05:31:00.000-08:002014-11-19T05:31:02.700-08:00[外電翻譯] 我們可以從拯救古南美洲語言中學會什麼?(What can we learn from efforts to save an ancient South American language?)<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">原文來自於《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;"><a href="http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/nov/18/endangered-language-quechua-columbia-chile" target="_blank"><span style="color: #6699cc;">T</span>he Guardian</a></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 新細明體, serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 20.7900009155273px;">》</span><br />
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<a href="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2014/11/14/1415966783719/Quechua-011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2014/11/14/1415966783719/Quechua-011.jpg" height="240" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若將這個世界的語言繪製成地圖,會是幅七彩的畫作。從北極到撒哈拉以南的非洲,全球約共有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">6000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">種語言。但是根據聯合國教科文組織指出,如果我們不去保護這些語言,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀結束前就會有一半的語言消失。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但就如同許多其他語言,蓋丘亞語也面臨著威脅。霍華德精通蓋丘亞語,他表示在某些區域這個語言已完全消失。譬如秘魯多山的瓦羅奇里省就是一個例子。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">回到殖民時期,曾有一位牧師紀錄所有不同的神話和口述傳統</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">……</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但今天如果你到那個區域,他們已不再說這個語言</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">霍華德補充,他們現在說西班牙語。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">蓋丘亞語有段相當長且多元的歷史。根據歷史語言學家的估計,最早可追溯至安地斯山脈中部,野就是現在的秘魯。在一千多年的進程中,說蓋丘亞語的人曾普遍與當地另外一個原生語言──艾馬拉語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Aymara</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)──的使用者緊密接觸,這影響了蓋丘亞語的演進。霍華德解釋,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「蓋丘亞語中有一種<b>分支</b>,我們也許可以說蓋丘亞語的多樣性某種程度上弱化了它生存的機會。」秘魯政府因而將保存的力量集中於蓋丘亞語的南部方言,而較不聚焦於中部秘魯。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">目前已有相當多人努力保存蓋丘亞語。多語教育能夠讓孩子在早期以母語學習,同時逐漸引入官方語言作為第二語言。這個做法在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">1994</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年玻利維亞的教育改革後對所有的原住民實施。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是雖然多語教育的目標是鼓勵他們對自身文化有更多瞭解,並促進一個更相互尊重的社會,霍華德對玻利維亞如何推動多語教育仍有所批評。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">那些方案無法完全運作的原因之一就是原住民覺得這再次將他們隔離於社會。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">霍華德特別點出一項她認為有作用的玻利維亞政府措施。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年玻國憲法修正後,有三十七個語言成為官方語言。所有國家的雇員必須會至少一種原住民語。對於就業機會來說是走在正確的方向上。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「現在,真的有很多道窗開給那些不只說西班牙語、也說原住民語的人們」。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">玻利維亞最近也制定法律規範如果公務人員還想保住飯碗,除了西班牙語外尚須學會一種原住民語:「政府補助了訓練課程且無疑地造成影響。高等教育系統中教導這些語言的趨勢逐漸攀升,電視與媒體也增加使用量。」<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">所以到底為何保護且保存像蓋丘亞語這樣的語言如此重要?對於霍華德來說,保護原住民語言是關乎人權的事:</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體",serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">「我們都能想像,要一群人們在一個強迫他們放棄自身語言的社會中生存,或者透過支持使用強勢語言來壓迫他們,是有多麼的不公。」</span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0安地斯山脈-21.1834359 -67.629276600000026-90 127.13634839999997 56.193237599999996 97.605098399999974tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-38342057361912120372014-08-27T02:12:00.002-07:002014-08-27T02:12:38.194-07:00[外電翻譯] 對蘇格蘭而言,獨立跟語言(還)沒有什麼關係(For Scotland, independence is not (yet) about language)原文來自於《<a href="http://ottawacitizen.com/news/world/oped-for-scotland-independence-is-not-yet-about-language" target="_blank">OttawaCitizen</a>》<br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9</span>月<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">18</span>日的蘇格蘭獨立公投可能會改變大英王國的政治版圖。也可能迎來蘇格蘭蓋爾語(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Gaelic</span>)的復甦。但不像魁北克,語言權利並沒有成為蘇格蘭獨立運動的核心。<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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蓋爾語在過去半個世紀以來已經喪失了大量的使用者。而逆轉的時刻可能就快到了,儘管大數的蘇格蘭人不將任何一種語言的口說能力視為國族身份的一部分。<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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蘇格蘭的<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">530</span>萬人還不到聯合王國<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5300</span>萬人的十分之一,根據<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2011</span>人口調查。差不多有<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">150</span>萬的蘇格蘭人聲稱他們說蘇格蘭語<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">──</span>蘇格蘭最有名的吟唱詩人<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Robert Burns</span>的語言。但是只有大概<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5</span>萬<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">8</span>千人說他們講蓋爾語。<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br />
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幸虧蘇格蘭議會的「<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2005</span>年蓋爾語法案」,蓋爾語才有「官方認可」的地位。這項法案分派給<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Bòrd na Gàidhlig──</span>蓋爾語委員會(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Gaelic
Language Board</span>)<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">──</span>予安定蓋爾語官方語言地位的任務,要求與英語有相等地位。</div>
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然而,那並沒有達到像加拿大那樣的雙語制度。政府機關並沒有被法律規定要用蓋爾語或蘇格蘭語提供服務。</div>
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「在蘇格蘭,並沒有像魁北克『我還記著』(法文:<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Je me
souviens</span>)<a href="file:///D:/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>的狀況」,愛丁堡大學社會與政治科學系的加拿大研究中心主任<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Annis May
Timpson</span>說。</div>
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「我們在蘇格蘭公投中有的,是要政治聯合體的動態,或是魁北克的那種征服企圖,」在加拿大做學術時,觀察<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1980</span>和<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1995</span>年兩次魁北克公投的<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Timpson</span>這樣說。她目前的研究是關於努納武特(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nunavut</span>)<a href="file:///D:/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>的因紐特(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Inuit</span>)語言和文化。</div>
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過去英國人口統計表已顯示出蓋爾語使用者快速地消逝。在<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1991</span>和<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2001</span>年間,下滑<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">11%</span>到<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5</span>萬<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9</span>千人。然而,<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2011</span>人口統計中,下跌變得較為和緩的<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">1.2%</span>,來到大約<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5</span>萬<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">8</span>千人。</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">2011</span>年最後一份人口資料可說是「保守樂觀」(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">guarded
optimism</span>),塞爾特語文、歷史與古物系的主任<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Toronto-born
Robert Dunbar</span>說。</div>
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「下跌達到了停止,」<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dunbar</span>說。「並且,年輕的<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">20</span>歲以下的蓋爾語使用者數緩緩上升了<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">0.1</span>個百分點。」</div>
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蘇格蘭高地可能不會像過去有蓋爾語聲音時那麼有生氣,但蓋爾語已經比過去都還常在格拉斯哥(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Glasgow</span>)<a href="file:///D:/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>和愛丁堡的低地市中心周圍聽見,尤其是<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">5</span>到<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">12</span>歲的孩子。</div>
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雙語的蓋爾語、英語簽名變得更普遍。然而,蓋爾語言委員會並沒有權力去懲罰任何當地機構,因而無法建立策略以推動蓋爾語;也就喪失了它的目標。</div>
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「蘇格蘭沒有像魁北克<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">101</span>號法案<a href="file:///D:/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>那樣的東西,」他說。「蓋爾語使用者沒有任何我們知道的,像加拿大那樣正式的語言權利。」</div>
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蓋爾語使用者的衰退大部分發生在蓋爾語使用最多的區域<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">──</span>遙遠的內、外赫布里底群島(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hebridean
islands</span>);奧克尼群島(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Orkney
Islands</span>)北部,以及,更北邊的,昔德蘭群島(<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Shetland
Isles</span>)。</div>
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在那些傳統上說蓋爾語的地區,語言在「政治上是詭譎的議題,」他解釋著。家長希望他們的孩子有較好的英語能力以增加他們找到好工作的機會。</div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">9</span>月<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">18</span>日,蓋爾語或蘇格蘭語的使用者都不會拿到用他們語言寫成的選票。</div>
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「最煞有其事的理由就是,<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">SNP<a href="file:///D:/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span>害怕雙語的選票可能會疏離那些原本會投下贊成票(支持獨立),但卻沒對蓋爾語沒那麼狂熱的中間選民,」<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dunbar</span>說。<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0英國蘇格蘭56.490671199999987 -4.202645800000027547.764661199999985 -24.856942800000027 65.216681199999982 16.451651199999972tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-86211005012509663962014-08-02T23:04:00.001-07:002014-08-02T23:19:23.156-07:00[外電翻譯] 土耳其的語言問題(Turkey’s Language Problem)<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">原文來自於《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://rudaw.net/english/middleeast/turkey/02082014">RUDAW</a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://rudaw.net/ContentFiles/57460Image1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://rudaw.net/ContentFiles/57460Image1.jpg" height="247" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">你曾在週末去過伊斯坦堡享受景色與土耳其式的喜悅,但是卻與語言障礙奮鬥嗎?踏出市集,遠離聖索菲亞大教堂,你會看見一份土耳其近期量測英語能力研究的第一手證據。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">95%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的土耳其學生無法用英語回答問題,即便在教室中上過將近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">小時的語言課程之後。那些數字是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">TEPAV</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(土耳其經濟政策研究基金會)和英國文化協會於三月發布報告中的重點。這份數據成為土耳其國內頭條,但並沒有驚訝到土耳其人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Emre
Caliskan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,一位</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">29</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲的政治分析家,五年前從土耳其拿到大學學位。他現在位處倫敦,在這裡接受每日的英語測驗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「我有兩個朋友在大學修英語課,但是考試沒有及格。我已經學了英語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">15</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年了,雖然我可以讀寫得非常好,但我沒辦法說得很好。這就是問題的所在;人們沒辦法談論日常事物。土耳其人面臨與土耳其以外的世界溝通的問題。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有一些,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">60%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的學生認為他們做得比他們實際上要好。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">60%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的學生描述他們的英語知識是立即性的,但是能力卻比較低落。這可以幫助解釋為何當我在兩年前到訪伊斯坦堡時,很多人一開始同意用英語受訪,但是卻沒辦法親自溝通。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">只要瞧瞧土耳其英語新聞網站的數目,以伊朗比較而言,當做低度發展英語媒體的證據,以及缺乏閱眾來消費的證據。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是一個障礙,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Caliskan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,對國家在巨大的野心方面有些嚴重。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「土耳其嘗試要成為區域性的參賽者,擴展其貿易關係,包含對東亞、中國和拉丁美洲,他們最大的挑戰就是英語。土耳其的人力資源並不符合他的野心。我認為這對中長期有巨大的影響。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">眾多明顯的原因之一就是觀光業。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tarik
Yildiz</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">正逢</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲,並靠著講英語賺取生活所需。嚮導觀光客穿越</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gobeklitepe</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,一個位於安納托利亞東南方山區的考古遺址,被認為是新石器時期的庇護所,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yildiz</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,他不是在學校學到英語的。他從他的客戶身上學來。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我在學校學習英語有相同的麻煩。英語教學的方法不是目標導向的。我改進我的英語透過和觀光客以及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gobeklitepe</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的外國工作者練習。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在觀光業之外,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Caliskan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說土耳其在世界的角色,以及年輕一代的未來重度仰賴於在國際市場中競爭的能力,而這些都起於語言技能,並且會照亮土耳其其他潛在的不足。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「這有個關於土耳其教育的問題出現</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不只是英語,還有其他科目。目前土耳其的教育系統無法和像印度這樣的國家競爭。印度和奈及利亞在第三部門的部分有穩固的關係,因為他們都說英語。土耳其沒辦法在沒有英語的情況下與社會整合。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Caliskan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚至質疑是否在伴隨著技能與形象間的重大鴻溝下,土耳其已經準備好加入歐盟。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在什麼程度上,缺乏英語能力的土耳其可以被包含進歐盟系統?很多土耳其人遷徙到德國,並且選擇不講英語以求保護他們的國族身分,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1960</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的時候。土耳其有很長的路去填補鴻溝,以及需要更多投資加入教育系統。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這不是一個新問題。三年前,一份相似的研究將土耳其列於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">44</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個國家中,英語能力指標的第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">43</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">名。土耳其在像智利、沙烏地阿拉伯和印尼這樣的國家之後</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">—</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">令人震驚的數字,對於一個作為世界第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">大經濟體的國家而言。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jason
Price</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在安卡拉的英國文化協會主管英語課程,也是共同贊助這份研究的人。他說,即便土耳其的教育部正邁步重視這項議題,在土耳其人看見轉圜的餘地前仍有好幾年光景。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">教育部正在聚集主要的股東,這些人被相信有能力提供資源找尋可能的解決方案。這可能會是相當長的過程,所以期望立即的成果是不切實際的。一但計畫已經制定並實施,我們將只可能開始看見正面的成果,在幾年下來。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並不令人驚訝的是,很大部分的延宕來自於官僚體制。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Price</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說對於需要改革這件事並無爭論,但是有爭議的是如何及誰來做。然而,他說,以更寬廣的程度來說,令人備感鼓勵的過程已經開始著手進行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">我們正在土耳其實質教改的期間中。在過去兩年來,義務教育的年限從八年增加到十二年。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這是一個好的開始,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Caliskan</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,對於經濟體是立基於外銷的國家而言,土耳其還有很多不足要追上。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">毫無置疑的,這樣的模式需要高階技術的商業專家,他們可以說好幾種語言。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0土耳其38.963745 35.24332200000003526.356919000000005 14.589025000000035 51.570571 55.897619000000034tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-69869186181659293732014-06-16T01:25:00.003-07:002014-06-16T01:39:58.174-07:00[外電翻譯] 英語後的印度?(India After English?)原文來自於《<a href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/jun/09/india-newspapers-after-english/" target="_blank">The NewYork Review of Books</a>》<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Narendra Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">及其保守派</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bharatiya Janata</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">黨在印度國家選舉獲勝後的這幾天,很多印度評論家已經感覺到印度政治的這個轉捩點。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">掃蕩似命令下的批判意識,是一個對於印度國族主義不吉利的對手;他的支持者持續因為他過去在古吉拉特邦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gujarat</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)創下的強健經濟紀錄而讓他獲選(他曾於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年期間擔任該邦的首相)。雖然有很少數的人認為這是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的政治崛起信號,但有一部分的投票者則是為了反對印度傳統的政治菁英。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是自我要求完美的人;在他背後有一段幫助父親在鐵路站賣茶的童年,透過半工半讀才拿到的大學學位,以及在古吉拉特邦花了很多力氣才攀上國家政治的梯子。在談話中,他很少離開印地語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Hindi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)和古吉拉特語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Gujarati</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">);他的英語可以用,但是不太流利。在選舉期間,一個虛張聲勢的對手</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──Mani Shankar Aiyar──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國大黨的忠實信徒,說得一口上流社會口音、精練的英語,無視身為茶匠(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">chaiwallah</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。但是當</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">成為首相時,是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aiyar</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">丟掉了他的國會席次。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Aiyar</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的蔑視有一部分是印度權貴的態度:只有沒受什麼教育的,或是頭腦簡單(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">provincial-minded</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),或是那些來自下層階級的人才會比較喜歡說印度語言,而非英語。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的勝利已經挾帶著一股印度區域語言的信心而來</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是一股已經在不只是政治圈,也在印度媒體業發生的劇烈轉變。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在幾十年以來,英語媒體的崛起被假定為是印度穩定提升識字率的自然結果,在其中還有中產階級快速成長的意義,已經達到了超過二億人口。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,印度有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">209</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家英語報紙;二十年後,數量來到了將近七倍,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,406</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家。《每日野獸》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Daily Beast</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tina Brown</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年告訴哥倫比亞新聞所的學生說,「如果我還年輕,我會去印度。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">再更最近一點,雖然印度的主要報社已經朝著不同的方向擴展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,《印度時報》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Times of India</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的發行人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bennett Coleman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,也是世界最大的英語報紙,開始辦起一家孟加拉語報,為較老的印地語和馬拉地語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Marathi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)報注進新血。去年十月,《印度報》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Hindu</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的發行人,一家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">135</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年歷史的老鷹語報,發行了一個泰米爾語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tamil</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的版本。另外一家主導的英語日報,《印度斯坦時報》(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The Hindustan Times</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),擴編人力和預算在他的印地語姐妹報上。剛過的這個冬天,在大選前幾個月,《印度時報》發行了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">NavGujarat Samay</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,給</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">家鄉的古吉拉特語報。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在幾乎每一個案例中,這些新媒體的發行人都企圖要變得比現行的方言媒體更加複雜。編者被要求博取年輕人和中產階級的目光,透過科技、世界新聞、商業的頭版,因此,舉例來說,烏克蘭革命或是新的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">iPhone</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">發表,會以與英語媒體相同嚴肅的展示手法來呈現。比較少黨派色彩、風格也沒那麼八卦小報。這些報紙正在尋覓多樣的讀者群:年輕人買他們的第一份報紙,老人在先前從來沒有成為過報紙的目標眾,家庭裡第一個讀者,以及購買泰米爾語版印度時報,或是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bennett Coleman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">孟加拉語報的都市訂閱戶,在他們習慣的英語媒體之外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">十年前,或是更久以前,英語媒體曾藐視印度語言的讀者,他們假設等到數以百萬的印度人都開始識字後,他們就會自動成為英語媒體的讀者。但是穩定上升的識字率</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">64.8%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">73%──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">已經有了無可預期的結果。新中產階級持續出現在較小的城鎮,並且比較喜歡閱讀自己區域的語言,而不是英語。同時,主流媒體已經發現英語的閱眾數正在下跌,或是停滯,英語報的廣告率沒辦法更高。伴隨著非菁英背景的政治家出現,以及區域和國家層級的政治逐漸重要,這些發展開始挑戰認為英語無疑是印度公共生活媒介的假設。藉由給予區域語言更多能量,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bennett Coleman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的行政總裁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ravi Dhariwal</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,「我們已經適應了我們國家正在改變的方式。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語被英國帶到印度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">他們船艦上看不見的貨櫃</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">並且事後,持久性似乎很明顯。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1947</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年印度創立的時候,印度是有超過</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,500</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">種語言的家園,急需一個共享的官方語言。印度的第一任首相</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Jawaharlal Nehru</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始希望這樣的連結要是印度斯坦語,一個印地語和烏爾都語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Urdu</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的混種。但是南方印度州的人講另外一支不同語族的語言,因此反抗,最後,國家改用英語。曾於哈羅與建橋讀書的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Nehru</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,並不否認:英語是科學和進步的語言;沒有英語,他想,會有「變成在我們自己印度小世界自滿」的風險。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">一但英語被與國家機器的力量綁在一起,副作用就是可以預期的。英語教育變得對於任何想要在社會中進步的人很重要,「知不知道英語的種姓制度」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">English-knowing caste</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)很快就會主導消費經濟。廣告商會對於印度閱讀其他語言的人興趣缺缺,估計著他們沒有什麼錢消費,以及媒體感受到沒錢可賺,拒絕印度語的報紙。印地語報紙印度斯坦被以樂透報認知著,因為只有樂透公司在這些報紙買廣告。持續一段時間,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bennett Coleman</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始用印度時報的英語頭版取代印地語日報</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Navbharat</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">時報的背頁。如同印地語讀者被告知應該要讀英語報才對。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當然,永遠有讀者比較喜歡印度語言</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">數以百萬計。怎麼可能沒有?幾乎每一個政府立的學校仍然會使用這些語言的其中之一作為教學媒介,只有一些私人學校用英語教學,六億八千三百萬的印度人中,有將近三億在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1981</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年是識字的,其中大部分讀當地語言。然而,很少人被認為夠有錢去創建一個自己的主流媒體。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代早期,印度開始自由化國營經濟體,經過接下來十年的進展,很大數量的印度人被從貧窮中拉拔起來。印度鄉村和都市的人口分野並沒有很精準地與英語及印度與讀者間的分野契合到,因為城市充滿了很多讀不懂英語的人。這在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年前具有啟示意義,鄉村印度人花錢花得比都市印度人快</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不只花在食物上,也花在電視上、機車上、手機上。觸及到這些新消費者最好的方法就是透過印度語媒體。「稍早,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">75</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">80%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的廣告金被投注進英語媒體,」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Dhariwal</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">告訴我。「現在差不多下降到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">50%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,現在進一步朝區域語言擺盪。」(事實上,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2012</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年以前,根據</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">KPMG</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">印度分析,這樣的分裂已經接近</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">40</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">60</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,傾向區域語言媒體這一邊)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚至最近印度識字率的衝高很大一部分是來自於城市以外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2011</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年期間,都市識字率上升了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.2%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9.1%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的將近一半是在鄉村地區發生。此外,相反於</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1980</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代的預期,識字率的提升語英語使用上升兜不起來。一份</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2005</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年的調查發現,只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.8%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的印度人,介在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">65</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲之間,可以用流利英語對話;其他</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16.2%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">用不特定、破碎的方式說英語。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這還不表示英語作為國家菁英語言的地位被威脅。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語的理想層面仍然在印度,人們仍然覺得如果你會英語,你人生的路就鋪好了,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」新德里媒體研究中心的教授</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P.N. Vasanti</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">但是我想這樣的迷思已經被打破,大家不再認為只有英語,指要英語就能許你一個有保證的未來。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">隨著</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的崛起愈來愈清晰,這樣的轉變也在印度政治階級烙下印記。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1990</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代開始,來自國會外面的首相上台,他們說比較好的印地語或卡那達語(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kannada</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),甚過英語。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「有在地領導人,像是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mulayam Singh Yadav</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laloo Prasad Yadav</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這樣的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">國家首相,藉由只說他們會的語言當選──印地語。」曾任印地語日報印度斯坦的編輯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mrinal Pande</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,她很驚訝其他人對這一波事件很驚訝。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">任何人都可以看見這些人──</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Mulayam</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Laloo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">──是未來的領導人。這顯示了我們如何如此曲折地得到我們自己的民主。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">報紙也一樣,她說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pande</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">曾旅行整個比哈爾邦(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Bihar</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),並發現人們對新聞有所渴望,但是很少報紙能觸及他們。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2010</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年,比哈爾邦鄉下有將近六成的識字率,然而只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的家庭花錢在報紙上。</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「那裡可能有一些當地的雜耍報,也許,且在更大的印地語地區中,可能十二個人共享一份翻印的報紙。」現在,每一家都可以負擔、想要一份報紙給自己。「所以每一份報紙想要壯大自己的,都要去這些區域──就如同政客們要做的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Modi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,的確主導了這個國家的報紙,沒有一個其他的領導人在最近的選舉做到;他的黨也能藉由自己在國會中穩固多數席次,這是自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1984</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年以來的第一次。這可能也是印度政治中的突出時刻。我們可以解讀這些不同的現像──印度的新中產階級,國家層級的黨崛起,以及他們萌發了在聯邦聯合政府中的影響力,印度語言媒體的快速興起──一個區域身分認同的持續強化。未來的首相也許要努力去得到鄉村對</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Moli</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的這種有力支持,那種</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Moli</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有辦法得到的。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Moli</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不會是最後一任講印度語言比講英語輕鬆的首相。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0印度20.593684 78.962880000000041-8.580994 37.654286000000042 49.768361999999996 120.27147400000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-15793208195921935802014-05-26T06:32:00.002-07:002014-05-26T06:40:03.455-07:00[外電翻譯] 中國對英語宣戰(China's War on English)原文來自於《<a href="http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-05-22/china-moves-to-protect-its-language-from-english#p1" target="_blank">Bloomberg Businesswork</a>》<br />
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國官方正發動一場對於美國文化和使用英語的戰爭。四月的時候,中國媒體的主管機構抽去搜狐網和優酷網熱播的美國電視節目(</span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">The
Big Bang Theory</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">,
<i>NCIS</i>, <i>The Good Wife</i></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)。中國的官方媒體《人民日報》刊出了兩篇哀嘆中文從英語借用詞彙的社論。然後,五月中旬,官方媒體中出現亂舞般的報告,證實了去年秋天發布的計畫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要降低英語教學的重要性,並且擴張在中小學的傳統文化課程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國政府「想要讓我們更尊敬中國語言和文化,」一名北京高中的十六歲學生說,同時間,他坐在星巴克裡喝著卡布奇諾。「每個人都想到國外讀書,對於英語和西方的瘋狂可以說變得太過頭了。這可能會對中國有不好的影響。」他說他計畫在中國拿到物理學士後到美國讀研究所。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">香港大學比較教育研究中心的主席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang Rui</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,中國對英語的著迷可以追溯到外國語學校和翻譯中心的成立</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">主要是英語</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">──</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這些機構在十九世紀中葉的鴉片戰爭後沿著中國沿海出現。俄語曾在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1950</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年代時是第二官方語,而英語再次於鄧小平</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1978</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年發動經濟改革時得到其優先性,中國當時很渴求得到來自西方的科技與投資。(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang Rui</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當時是靠著偷聽被禁播的「美國之聲」廣播電台來學英文,那個時候是文化大革命,講外國語可以讓你坐牢的。)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">都市小孩通常在小學三年級時開始學英語,英語課是貫穿中小學的核心三科目之一(其他是數學、中文)。不管一個人選擇什麼領域,要進入大學及研究所必須要通過英語能力檢定。想要晉升教授資格的學術工作者也必須通過英語考試。語言訓練學校在整個國家開立分校以因應需求。「英語已經變得愈來愈重要,不只是在學校裡,在社會裡也是,」清華大學高等教育研究機構的產品總監</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wang Xiaoyang</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說。「現在,看起來中國的英語熱已經達到了巔峰。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">為什麼是現在取締?中國在購買力平價的指標上有望在今年成為世界上最大的經濟體。在國際上,中國也不斷地樹立自身。整個美國有愈來愈多的中文學校受到歡迎,中國的官方教育機關也向全球推動中國語言與文化,一部分是透過孔子學校的開張。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國領導人習近平已經將「中國夢」的想法普及化,瞄準提供另類資源以激發這個國家裡被看作盲目追尋西方價值和歡樂的年輕人。「中國已經發展,且變得對自身的身分更有自信,我們覺得我們可以、且需要對於特定的東西說不;不幸地,這些東西包含了西方文化和英語,」香港大學的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang Zhan Haite</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這樣說,她是上海移工的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">16</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲女兒,「他們這樣做是因為他們想秀給全世界看,我很驕傲我是中國人。但是他們也想關掉中國學生的門,這樣一來中國學生就無法看見或知道世界更多。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">官方害怕中國人正喪失掌握書寫語言的能力。有了智慧型手機、平板電腦、有文字辨識軟體的電腦,中國人更不需要去記住</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,500</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4,000</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">個字的樣子,這個數目是高中畢業生平均上被期待認識的字數。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">去年,北京零點研究諮詢集團的一項調查發現,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">94.1%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的中國人隨機地在記憶文字上發生麻煩,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26.8%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的人則表示這樣的問題頻繁發生。電視節目像是「漢字英雄」(參賽者比賽寫字)已經成為全國性的打擊。這樣的擔憂使得私人中文學校產業開始增加,在那裡,業者會教導孩子像是三國時代浪漫故事的古典文學。這樣從英語到中文的重點轉移,將會「驅動『孩子要學到更多傳統文化課程』的需求,」北京一位教導孩子中國文字和傳統的補習班教師說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中國語言的完整性被英語給毀了,官方媒體的社論這樣論述。這樣的擔憂已經激起了最近一波對「語言淨化」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">linguistic purity</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的需求:中國媒體被告知要開始使用一系列官方的正式翻譯,以取代英文縮寫,譬如</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">GDP</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">IQ</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">AIDS</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。「混雜外國字在中文裡已經傷害了中國語言的純淨與健康,」四月份《人民日報》這樣警告著,批評對於像是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wi-Fi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">CEO</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">MBA</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">這樣的通用詞彙。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在過去三十年來,英語已經在關鍵的中考和高考中得到重要性(每一年在六月初舉辦的高中和大學入學考試)。英語被給予和數學、中文同等的重量。現在,教育部計畫降低大學入學考試中英語科的分數,從</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">150</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">分,同時提高中文的分數。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">和清華大學的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Wang</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說他們擔心任何降低英語在考試中重要性的進展將會降縮全國的英語教育。這也許已經在發生了,成都中國電子與科技大學附屬高中的英語老師湯女士接受採訪,她拒絕提供全名,因為她並沒有被授權替她的學校發言。她先前的學生正體悟到「在公立學校找(英語老師的)工作很難,因為不像前幾年,這些學校現在都不招聘了。主要的原因是現在高考會如何改革還不清楚,這影響到學校和他們的英語老師,」她說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果公立學校的課程不再那麼著重英語,私立英語學校的角色將會擴張。但是高額學費可能會讓這些私立學校不在中國窮學生的可及範圍內,這將加劇已經很嚴重的城鄉教育資源鴻溝。「如果我們不對高考英語改革小心,這將會在系統內創造新的不平等,」一個北京的非營利組織-</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">21</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">世紀教育研究機構的副主席</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Xiong Bingqi</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">當中國公司愈來愈全球化,官方正想像可以進一步發展經濟且管理中國公司的勞動力。中國官方也想要共產黨所促進的經濟與文化影響之「軟實力」。他們知道英語是很關鍵的,因為英語是全球的共通語,但也同等地擔憂他們視作有害的西方價值觀(包含民主、公民社會、新聞自由)會散播開來。中國政府害怕如果英語在中國傳布,西方文化影響也會伴隨而來。但是,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Yang</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說,你仍然可以用英語說「毛主席萬歲!」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0中華人民共和國35.86166 104.19539699999996-12.649049499999997 21.578209499999957 84.372369499999991 -173.18741550000004tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-85312036481717926332014-05-26T04:14:00.002-07:002014-05-26T04:14:46.218-07:00[外電翻譯] 紐西蘭華語週揭示中文更加重要原文來自於《<a href="http://www.hawkesbay.co.nz/general/general/12948-learning-the-language-is-critical-following-the-nz-chinese-language-week-launch-in-hastings" target="_blank">All About Hawke's Bay</a>》<br />
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<a href="http://www.hawkesbay.co.nz/images/chinese.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://www.hawkesbay.co.nz/images/chinese.png" height="298" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紐西蘭工黨發言人</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Phil Goff</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在族裔事務會議上表示,紐西蘭必需要變得更「多語」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">multi-lingual</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)以反映持續增加的多元文化特色。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Phil
Goff</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">恭喜國會成員</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Raymond Huo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">開始將「紐西蘭華語週」作為族裔事務部的一部分,並建立起一群有能力的紐西蘭人來支持及推動這樣的概念。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「工黨對於紐西蘭的觀點是,這是一個讓所有年輕人都被給予並擁有對第二語言流利機會的地方,」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Phil Goff</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「對於中文群體而言,他們在紐西蘭出生的孩子不只能說流利的英語,還能維持祖先的語言與文化是很重要的」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「對於紐西蘭作為一個整體,我們能夠吸引一群有能力的、會說中文的年輕紐西蘭人,也是非常重要的。中國不只是我們最大的出口市場,也是我們第二大和成長最快速的觀光來源。要對中國貿易,以及符合中國觀光客到紐西蘭的需求,我們必須要有愈來愈多能講流利中文的人,並且是要對中國文化熟悉的。」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「華語週將會在促進跨文化理解上,扮演一個重要的角色,」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Raymond Huo</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">說。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">紐西蘭華語週昨天(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日)在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Havelock North</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的紐西蘭中國友誼會</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2014</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會議上展開,與會人士包括了受託研究員與中國大使。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0紐西蘭-40.900557 174.88597100000004-65.234714 133.57737700000004 -16.566399999999998 -143.805435tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-49090702511500076502013-09-22T08:49:00.003-07:002014-05-26T03:51:57.476-07:00大英語帝國的崛起 會講「國語」的人有福了!<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lY9IWn-iSkQ/Uj8Q_7S_NwI/AAAAAAAAAEk/jvxyBcxy4c4/s1600/DSC_1473.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lY9IWn-iSkQ/Uj8Q_7S_NwI/AAAAAAAAAEk/jvxyBcxy4c4/s320/DSC_1473.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">英語符號成為大眾消費社會中的主導語言。</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">語言帝國主義 含著淚也要說</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國語</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 殖民主義這個概念大抵在高中歷史課都接觸過,臺灣人的語言之路一直都走得不太順遂,日本統治時期是臺灣島第一次大規模的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國語運動</span></b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1937</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">月總督府在中日戰爭前夕,廢止了漢文報章雜誌,在各地設立各式國語講習機構,取</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">消公學校(本島人念的學校)的漢文課,強</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">迫年老民眾學習日語,並公布「國語家庭認定規程」,只要你家門口掛著寫有</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國語家庭</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">的木牌子,你家拿的物資配給直接等同於日本人,這樣的高壓手段被語言學家稱作</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">語言謀殺</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">language murder</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),開始出現大批不會講母語的國語家庭子弟,但這些人反而較有機會進入日本的貴族教育體系,這個時候</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會講日本語的人,就代表高階級</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">二次世界大戰後,國民黨政府來臺,眼見臺灣人操著一口流利的日本語,心裡很不是滋味,畢竟中日在中國大陸有很大的過節,國民政府氣地直說臺灣人都被</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">奴化</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">了,這個變化可說劇烈了,幾年前才成為日本總督府認定國語家庭的人,才喜孜孜自己變成貴族,想不到風雲變色後,自己就成了</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">倭奴</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,為了消除日語在日常生活中的影響力,國民政府大力推行「<b>說國語運動</b>」</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,是臺灣島第二次的國語運動,這個時候並未禁止</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">方言</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的使用,不料日語褪去後,反倒是閩南話、客家話浮上了檯面,這本來也是件還好的事情,但是由於國民政府撤退來臺,臺灣作為反共的基地,語言自然是愈一致愈好掌握,因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1951</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日教育廳令各級學校應以國語教學,嚴禁方言,教師和學生之間談話都必須用國語,到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1975</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年更是沒收了以羅馬文字寫成的閩南話聖經,在校園中若說方言,甚至還會被以掛狗牌的方式羞辱,造成嚴重的語族仇恨,透過大眾傳媒、教育、娛樂這種</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">語言神經毒氣</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,本土方言被殺個慘蕩蕩,即便解除戒嚴後,仍然難以回復至原有的語言使用規模。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日本總督府的國語運動與帝國主義脫不了干系,而由於國民黨政府接收台灣後,並未大幅任用台人為官,也被部分人士諷刺是帝國統治方式,臺灣前兩次經歷的國語運動都是相當血淋淋的殖民/帝國主義下的產物。不過,正所謂風水輪流轉,自從二十世紀開始,美國躍升至全球權力關係下的主導地位,配合十九世紀時,英國女王的日不落帝國盛況,英語成為全球經貿、科技、政治架構下的核心語言,英語語言符號進入各國的符號系統中,大肆摧殘原有的本土語言生態,英語從十九世紀時的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">帝國主義語言</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">an imperialist language</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)轉而成為二十世紀以降的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">全球語</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">global language</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">),為了符合國際化的趨勢,各國政府紛紛致定英語教育政策,使得這個語言的支配性與霸權地位無可動搖,語言學界曾試圖研發出一套人工語言,以取代英語的霸權地位成為國際語,但終究在自然語言面前敗下陣來,自詡相當國際化的臺灣,自然也加入的英語帝國的體系中,展開我所稱的第三次</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國語運動</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這裡的</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">國語</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,指的就是</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語帝國</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的官方語言,它打敗了國民政府一直以來力倡的北京話。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語的社會功能 要翻身就靠它了</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">做為承載著美國老大哥權威的語言,英語一直被視為一種手段或工具,而不是溝通用的符號,看在語言學家眼裡實在是心在淌血,語言學重視語言多樣性就如同生物學重視物種多樣性一樣,每一個語言除了是族群的身分之外,還記錄著某個地域中的文化變遷,舉個例子,客家話稱舌頭為</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">舌嫲</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,由於漢語體</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">系中並無對物品賦予性別的特徵,我們便可從這類客語詞彙中發現,過去客家人曾與中國少數民族的交流,因為他們的語言的確會賦予舌頭女性意象。丹麥語言學家</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Robert Phillipson</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">率先在他的書《語言帝國主義》中,批評英語系國家藉由援助開發中國家的語言教學計畫為手段,不斷輸出英語國家的意識形態,他並借用傅柯(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Foucault</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)與安德生(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Anderson</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的概念,認為英語社群是被想像建構而成,英語的優勢性不過是在眾多爭取主導權的語言中,被不斷強調其重要性而想像建構出來的罷了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">這件事情其實很可怕,你想想,當其他國家的小孩子在他的青春年華時,於書桌前埋頭苦讀這些陌生的拼音文字時,英語系國家出生的小孩卻可以少花這些心思擔心自己不會說</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國語</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; 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mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,母語是越南語的小孩,卻不能因為美國人不講越南語,而登報批評</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">美國真是個越南語不友善的國家</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,簡直是從出生開始就注定兩個國家的人民彼此間是有優劣之分的,很難讓人不去生氣美國人有關於人人平等的滿口仁義道德。看看新加坡吧,明明知道繼續將英語列為官方語言會被後殖民主義</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">所說的那種尷尬身分給綁住,但是還是只能</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">痛下殺手</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,不斷跟人民強調英語只是跟西方世界溝通的媒介,可以促進星國邁向現代化,同時不斷倡導儒家文化的倫理觀,使得最後多語社會為主的新加坡,個人的社經地位相當大成分取決於英語能力強弱,也使得人民對於語言與國家的認同產生混淆。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">對外拓展市場的美國資本主義,將英語本身給商品化,挾帶著簡單的語言符號進</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">入各個國家,造成全球化下的大眾消費文化,好像非得使用英語一樣,英語竟成了消費社會的語言,我曾到號稱台灣年輕人流行場域的東區做過調查,整條忠孝東路四段的大馬路上,商業招牌中高達</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">58.2%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的比例都有使用英語符號,單純使用英語的招牌也有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">18.1%</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,這對於一個語族單一的國家而言,是非常驚悚的事情,這件事當然不只發生在臺灣,韓國、日本、中國都有學者做過調查,得到的商家回應都是為了讓自己的店看起來更奢華、年輕、現代感,招牌有沒有人看得懂已經不那麼重要了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">社會學家藍佩嘉(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2009</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)在其研究</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">中,也描述了這個語言資本(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">linguistic capital</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)的現象:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">「一個匈牙利的家務移工,在接受兩位加拿大學者訪談時,這樣描述她的加拿大雇主:『他們覺得你就像你的英文一樣笨!』</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">(England and Stiell 1997)</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。英文能力在此具現了第一世界雇主對第</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">三世界女傭在經濟與象徵層面的雙重支配。相反的,我在台北遇到的一位菲律賓家務移工,用很不一樣的方式來描述她的台灣雇主:『他們比我有錢,但我的英文比他們好!』」(藍佩嘉,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體;">2009</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">藍佩嘉發現菲籍幫傭能夠操弄著殖民者的語言工具(英語),在不危及他們工作的前提下削弱或挑戰台灣雇主的權威</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。這樣的能力能</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">幫助他們協商工作內容,或是減少工作量;也增加他們跟雇主溝通時的籌碼,例如刻意使用較艱深的辭彙,或是糾正雇主的文法或發音錯誤</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,雖然這樣的做法可能會使得他們網後在國際勞動市場上,被較順從的勞動者給取代,但是仍然顯現了英語已經成為一種獲得上層階級權力的一種工具,他不是只是語言那麼簡單而已。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語之爭! 要麵包還是要愛情?</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">德國語言協會(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">VereinDeutsche Sprache</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)基於捍衛德國語文的立場,批判德語字典編入太多英語字彙,還頒給在第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">版新收錄許多英語字彙的「都登」(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Duden</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)字典「糟蹋語文獎」,以示抗議;並批評德國財政部長蕭伯樂在歐盟的會議中常常直接用英語發言,而不透過翻譯</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。因為語言實在與國族認同太有關係了,如果一個國家的官方語言並非英語,而其領導人卻在英語系國家領導人前改口說英語,在國際關係上常會被認為矮人一截,因此即便領袖能說一口好英語,也要再額外多找一個翻譯來中介,而不會被批評是多此一舉。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">前些日子臺灣教育部乾脆禁止六歲以下學童補習英語</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,但是如果是用歌唱學習倒是可以,家長罵翻天了,不要孩子輸在起跑點呀!會英語才能往上爬,才有麵包可以吃呢,但是反而學者拍案叫絕,甚至建議小學三年級以前都不應補美語,以免連中文都學不好。這種來自對於母語之愛的出發點,恐怕也不是所有人都能接受的,不過根據英語教學學者研究</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,幼年的英語教學因為教師往往會禁止課堂上說中文,讓學童產生對於英語的排斥感,反而使中文成為學童間偷偷使用的語言,進而成為象徵友誼的符碼,只不過教師在設計教材時,常隱含了文化的意識形態,而不自覺。也許這麼早學英文,雖然可能比較能學得好,但是孩子可能對這塊大麵包會不太領情。不過當然這件事沒那麼簡單,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2001</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">27</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">日《中國時報》報導,當時的台北市長馬英九不滿一年來到台北市的觀光客只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">250</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">萬人次,把責任推給了雙語環境,要求台北市要有一所小學、一所醫院、一處地政事務所辦理全面雙語,以吸引觀光客,果然,我們這些</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">第三世界</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">的國家,被壓著去啃麵包。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">身處在這個英語帝國主義的時代,越來越難追尋對於己身認同的堅持,愈來愈多語言學家發現臺灣的中文句法開始出現英語化的傾向,其中對此現象不滿者最知名的大概就屬余光中老先生,外文系畢業的他大概最瞭解在這兩個語言之間擺盪的痛苦,議題爭辯到最核心之處,往往就成了哲學大哉問,是麵包重要還是愛情重要呢?也許我們在這洪流之中,很難自己去做這個決定,只能姑且用英語世界最經典的聖經句型高呼一句,大英語帝國來臨,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">會<b>國語</b>的有福了!</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">國民政府於臺灣島推動的說國語運動,指的是漢語中的北京話,又稱為官話,只不過時至今日,臺灣人民所說的北京話已與北京人民所說的出現差異。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">方言(</span><span lang="EN-US">dialect</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">)在語言學上並沒有一個明確的定義,這個用語較屬於政治用語,國境內非屬於官方語言的其他語言,都一律被政府貶為方言,否則學理上,北京話、閩南話、客家話間彼此為方言關係,沒有高低層次之分。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當國家由殖民地變成自治的地位後,往往並非表示真正的獨立。許多情況下,只代表原來的殖民帝國由直接統治變為間接統治,原先殖民國對於被殖民地的影響無所不在,這是後殖民主義所欲揭露的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">藍佩嘉</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
(2009)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。當大學生菲</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">傭遇見台灣新富雇主:跨國語言資本中介的階級畫界過程。</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">流轉跨界:跨國的台灣,台灣的跨國</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,王宏仁、郭佩宜編,</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">頁</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">35-71</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。台</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">北:中研院。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">當然英語這件事情本身還有腔調與慣用法的差別,較上層的雇主倘若英語能力夠好,能夠輕而易舉的制伏這些</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">「</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">第三世界英語</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-fareast;">」。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">詳細請見</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">聯合新聞網〈德國語言協會批判字典外來字多〉一文:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://udn.com/NEWS/BREAKINGNEWS/BREAKINGNEWS5/8143394.shtml">http://udn.com/NEWS/BREAKINGNEWS/BREAKINGNEWS5/8143394.shtml</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">詳細請見聯合新聞網〈學者喊「禁得好」</span> <span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">家長罵「管太多」〉一文:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><a href="http://udn.com/NEWS/NATIONAL/NATS2/8130841.shtml">http://udn.com/NEWS/NATIONAL/NATS2/8130841.shtml</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%20%E6%9C%83%E8%AC%9B%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%A6%8F%E4%BA%86.docx#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">陳雅鈴</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span lang="EN-US">(2006)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。全美語幼稚園如何影響幼兒</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(3-7</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">歲</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">對本土語言及文化的認同及觀感。</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">英語教學</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <span lang="EN-US">30(4)</span></span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">87-109</span><span style="font-family: "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-48127469207787722462013-09-15T07:37:00.001-07:002014-05-26T03:54:07.132-07:00「天龍人」的逆襲!從仇恨語言到假想邊界<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 24pt;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">圖為漫畫航海王中的世界貴族天龍人。</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> 「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">天龍人</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">最早來自日本漫畫</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">《</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">航海王</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">》(<span lang="EN-US">One Piece</span>)中的「天竜人」一詞,指的是世界政府的創造者後裔,享盡各種各樣的特權,由於認為自己身分高貴,不屑與平民(賤民)呼吸相同空氣,所以永遠戴著全罩式氧氣罩,並且一旦受到侵犯,便會有海軍出面保護,是漫畫中無法無天的「世界貴族」。這部漫畫衍伸出的語言爭議其來有自,當時最初的譯名叫做《海賊王》,後來因為引進的出版社倒閉後,接手的廠商因為版權轉移問題,必須徵得原出版商同意繼續使用該譯名,為了省去麻煩,而更換譯名,卻引發有人解讀成「因為害怕小孩學壞才更名」。這部漫畫跟臺灣語言的淵源可說不淺。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">仇恨語言,從批踢踢到媒體</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">最近,唐氏症基金會欲在大安區安和路成立唐寶寶工作站,卻不料遭到社區管委會拒絕承租,各大媒體標題打下</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「『<b>天龍人</b>』拒唐寶寶? 管委會:不知情」(中天新聞)、「遭『<b>天龍人</b>』拒 唐寶寶租屋不易」(中國時報)、「唐寶寶租屋碰壁 <b>天龍人</b>怕破壞安寧?」(好房<span lang="EN-US">News</span>)關於「天龍人」用詞的歷史,最早出現在批踢踢八卦板,當時討論筆名<u>范蘭欽</u>的作家在報紙上宣稱本省人是「倭寇」、「臺巴子」,而稱自己為「高級外省人」的事件,於是開始有網友謔稱自己是臺巴子,並用「天龍人」諷刺<u>范蘭欽</u>,後來這個詞衍伸至政商權貴及其子弟,尤指泛藍及外省權貴子弟。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一個語詞的演變,必定會伴隨著詞義的改變,由於語詞的擴散,愈來愈多的使用者並無從得知語詞的本義,詞義的演變可以視為一個連續變化的過程,原有的詞義會保留部分的元素,再添加新者。「天龍人」一詞的演變,是語義變遷上的「詞義引申」,從漫畫中「高級、貴族」的元素,連結至「政商權貴」,而後又因為臺北市的社會經濟結構,成為「臺北人」的代名詞。</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;"> 主要的現代語義奠定來自於<span lang="EN-US">2012</span>年<span lang="EN-US">7</span>月,麥當勞基金會欲在大安區錦安里設立「癌症重症兒童中途之家」,引發部分住戶強烈反對,認為會影響地區房價,隨後甚至出現「癌症會傳染」的言論,朱學恆更在其臉書爆料,有里民對記者表示,「他們都是有頭有臉的<b>高級公務員</b>」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a>,網路對於「天龍人」罵聲不斷,「<b>天龍國</b>」儼然成形,但是導演戴立忍認為「我本身就住在大安區,因此<b>『天龍國』應該是一種行為的形容詞</b>,而不是指特定區域」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a>,此時,關於「天龍人」的語義處於戰亂時期,但是基本上,已經確定其身為「<b>仇恨語言</b>」的角色,從此嗜血媒體便喜愛以此來撰寫新聞稿,透過大眾媒體的傳播,天龍人等於臺北人的語言關係,已經牢不可破了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">仇恨與想像共同體:意符與所指的強大力量</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">天龍人</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的語義確定後,</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">天龍國</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">的疆域也自然就是臺北市的範圍,以</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">結構主義語言學始祖索敘爾(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Saussure</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)的符號學分析,語言可以分解為</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">意符</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">signifier</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">)與</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所指</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">signified</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">天龍人</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一詞,這組音韻與字形的符號組合(意符)背後,有</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">臺北人</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">這個</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所指</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">,但這僅是</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">外延的意義</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">denotation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),這個意符,更做為了一種文化的符號,具有隱於深層的</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">仇恨</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">所指,是</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">內涵的意義</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">connotation</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">),一個群體的界線就這樣被硬生生給畫了出來,原本單純的漫畫用語,從網路社群一路到大眾媒體上後,竟成為了群體身分,甚至類似於國界的概念,以下我將舉例臺北人與非臺北人對於</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">天龍人</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">一詞的主觀意識:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">事實上,台北市就是拿著台灣最多的資源,把垃圾、髒汙都丟給南部。他們享受台灣最好的資源,並且看不起台灣其他地方的人。自以為受到良好教育、高人一等、處處比人優秀的<b>天龍人</b>,在我眼裡也不過是穿著衣服的猴子而已。因為這些<b>天龍人</b>的智慧實在不高,並且自私自利<span lang="EN-US">……PS</span>新北市我看已經晉升為<b>新天龍國</b>了。加油了。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">像我就認識一個跟我一樣從小在台北縣長大的孩子,老公要求她婚後跟婆婆住,她雖然表面跟老公抗議沒有自己的空間,但私下說超爽的 終於可以成為<b>天龍人</b>了,還說到時候要找我一起從婆家走路去敦南誠品,一整個『我出爐啊』的感覺我不懂啊<span lang="EN-US">……</span>當然也有些<b>天龍人</b>一聽到我不住<b>天龍國</b>就一付我是第三世界來的二等公民一樣,那種白目<b>天龍人</b>我是絕對不會跟他們做朋友的啦<span lang="EN-US">……</span>講半天其實只是想告訴<b>天龍人</b>,不是只有<b>天龍國</b>是好地方,也不用因為住在<b>天龍國</b>就驕傲瞧不起人,人要走出去看看世界啊!台北縣也是可以住人而且你們還住得很快樂勒。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我從小生長在台北市,徹徹底底的<b>天龍人</b>。畢業以後在新竹工作,逛城隍廟、拜天公、吃路邊攤的魯肉飯、劉姐姐飯糰<span lang="EN-US">...</span>那對我來說已經『很南部』了<span lang="EN-US"> :p</span></span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">我從來沒有因此傲慢的自尊自大,口出惡言批評過其他都市的不是,批評過其他地方來的人比較低等,卻被罵了無數次的<b>天龍人</b>,甚至許多次是沒有原因的,只是接在我是個台北人這件事實之後的回應。有時候也許不是指著鼻子罵,而是不屑的冷哼一聲,<b>天龍人</b>。<span lang="EN-US">……</span>我不懂得是,為甚麼今天你們看到那些尖酸刻薄批評你們故鄉的言論會這樣激動憤怒得心情,不能體現在你們的表現上呢<span lang="EN-US">? </span>誰想過了,你們總是習慣脫口而出的<span lang="EN-US">[</span><b>天龍人</b><span lang="EN-US">]</span>和<span lang="EN-US">[</span>死台北人<span lang="EN-US">]</span>這些詞彙對一直生長在台北的人,有多大的傷害<span lang="EN-US">?</span>然後,然後我們還不能反駁,不能回覆,不能回罵,不能夠生氣。因為我們就是台北人,而台北人本來就自尊自大,被瞧不起也無傷大雅。你們可以大大方方的想念你的的家鄉的某些水果某些菜然後抱怨說台北的天氣多爛台北的空氣多髒台北的人都沒有人情味,但當我想念捷運想念方便的交通時,就惹來一句<span lang="EN-US">[</span><b>天龍人</b><span lang="EN-US">]</span>或者<span lang="EN-US">[</span><b>天龍國</b><span lang="EN-US">]</span>的冷哼。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span style="font-family: 標楷體;">近年來有一股趨勢,常藉『秩序』、『雅觀』之名欺負底層老百姓:包括台北市議員應曉薇稱對遊民潑水應發獎金,全國關廠失業工人癱瘓台鐵和印尼開齋節都被說成是阻礙交通,連苗栗縣長劉政鴻對於華隆罷工案也是評予『妨害秩序』,這種只看表面、無視事件脈絡的膚淺評論,卻霸佔了台灣社會的發言權,所有不符合<b>天龍人</b>價值的事情都要封殺。台灣社會向上提昇是很好,但卻不應該變成一個只有高級人才能存活的社會。</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">端看以上從網路上部落格或網誌擷取出來的文本,不難體會到「天龍人」一詞背後強大的對立意識,「天龍人」儼然成為謾罵臺北人最好的用詞,使得新北市的居民也急得劃清界線,由臺灣網友共同編輯的惡搞網站「偽基百科」,也在「天龍國」條目中,將新北市稱為天龍邊陲地帶,由一個漫畫用詞衍伸出來的竟是能夠清楚描繪於地圖之上的想像地理,然而,「天龍人」一詞原由於不滿階級不平等而出,但是卻反過頭來加深了群體對立與地域仇恨,使用年齡層橫跨老中少三代,國外也對於仇恨語言大傷腦筋,從對於黑人的歧視性語言</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nigro</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」(黑鬼)開始注意到其嚴重性,「</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">The plain fact is that not all free speech is good speech. Which means that freedom of speech is not always a sound or just public policy.</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">」</span><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">有關於言論自由的檢討正在進行,不過至少我想,一個想像世界中的貴族代稱,竟落得這番田地,這是尾田榮一郎(航海王作者)所未曾想</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">到的吧!</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">請見東森新聞報導:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.ettoday.net/news/20120715/74532.htm">http://www.ettoday.net/news/20120715/74532.htm</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">請見</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Nownews</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">報導:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%8C%A6%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8C%E9%9D%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%9C%8B-%E6%88%B4%E7%AB%8B%E5%BF%8D-%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%AF-%E7%A8%AE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA-075551635.html">http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E9%8C%A6%E5%AE%89%E9%87%8C%E9%9D%9E%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%9C%8B-%E6%88%B4%E7%AB%8B%E5%BF%8D-%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%9C%8B%E6%98%AF-%E7%A8%AE%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA-075551635.html</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">部落格《精神病院的存在》中〈天龍國的天龍人,果然讓人費解。〉一文,此文係因台北市長選舉結果不如作者預期,而寫作的文章:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://copo.pixnet.net/blog/post/27727093-%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%9C%E7%84%B6%E8%AE%93%E4%BA%BA%E8%B2%BB%E8%A7%A3%E3%80%82">http://copo.pixnet.net/blog/post/27727093-%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%8C%E6%9E%9C%E7%84%B6%E8%AE%93%E4%BA%BA%E8%B2%BB%E8%A7%A3%E3%80%82</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">部落格《</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Hi there! </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">凱蒂小姐生活筆記》中〈我所認識的天龍人〉一文,作者居於新北市,通篇撰寫所認識的台北人於言行間洩漏的「天龍心態」:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://mskelly.pixnet.net/blog/post/156397556">http://mskelly.pixnet.net/blog/post/156397556</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">部落格《瘋小貓的華麗冒險》中「天龍人遊中台灣」系列文章的開頭語:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://crazycat1130.pixnet.net/blog/post/31609317-%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%B0%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%98%E3%80%90%E7%8E%A9%E8%80%8D%E7%AF%87%E3%80%91%E3%80%881%E3%80%89%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E3%80%90">http://crazycat1130.pixnet.net/blog/post/31609317-%E5%9B%9E%E5%8F%B0%E9%9B%9C%E8%A8%98%E3%80%90%E7%8E%A9%E8%80%8D%E7%AF%87%E3%80%91%E3%80%881%E3%80%89%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E3%80%90</a><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">本文為某</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">19</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">歲少女的臉書網誌文〈天龍人的委屈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">(</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">台北人的委屈</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">)</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">〉,被瘋狂分享</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">6730</span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">次:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/sherry-wen-hsuan-liu/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%94%E5%B1%88%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%94%E5%B1%88/10150595942371281">https://www.facebook.com/notes/sherry-wen-hsuan-liu/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%94%E5%B1%88%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%94%E5%B1%88/10150595942371281</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: 新細明體, serif;">本文為台灣國際勞工協會網站之文章〈霸佔台北火車站的不是印尼勞工,是天龍人價值〉:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><a href="http://www.tiwa.org.tw/?itemid=510">http://www.tiwa.org.tw/?itemid=510</a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="file:///D:/%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E4%BA%BA.docx#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> Massaro, T. M. (1990). Equality and Freedom of Expression: The Hate Speech Dilemma. Wm. & Mary L. Rev., 32, 211.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6177626617577477153.post-63163576516168001272013-04-29T08:33:00.000-07:002014-05-26T03:55:15.518-07:00賤人就是矯情!髒話的父權複製<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://y0.ifengimg.com/tech_spider/dci_2013/02/9f51567d60f70a681813869c83d7c3f4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://y0.ifengimg.com/tech_spider/dci_2013/02/9f51567d60f70a681813869c83d7c3f4.jpg" height="320" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">甄嬛傳火紅的台詞被大量使用,甚至出現在手機背殼的設計中。</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b><br /></b>
<b>賤什麼賤? 老娘都不老娘了</b><br />
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「賤人就是矯情」這一句話已經成為台灣社會火紅的流行語,據查,「賤人」在中國古時除了是階級的指稱外,還指涉「不知好歹的人、不自重的人」且多指輕浮、矯揉造作的女子,而在《髒話文化史》(Language Most Fouls)一書中,作者Ruth Wajnryb指出「賤人」(bitch)一詞,是髒話中用來辱罵女性,卻唯一沒有指涉女性身體意象的詞語,這是一個看似沒有貶抑女性,卻是男性作為權力中心,企圖將女性的行為掌控於手心的語言表徵,「賤人」最常用來指稱那些作為不符社會期望的女子(所謂不三不四、不符三從四德),也常被用來做為女性間咒罵的用語。<br />
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在(自由主義)女權主義逐漸高漲的年代,愈來愈多的女性認為女性能夠自發性地改變作為,而讓女性的地位如同男性一般,簡言之,至少愈來愈多的女性聲稱只要男人能做的事,女人也能做,就算是達到性別平等。Ruth Wajnryb在書中指出,傳統上由於社會期待的結果,在情緒宣洩上,女人被允許使用較多的哭泣表達,而男性只能透過咒罵來達成此目的,研究顯示,當女性被允許使用較多的咒罵詞時,哭泣的頻率會大幅減低。這個現象透過教育的規約,以及同儕間的模仿,不斷地再製下去,男性出現使用髒話作為問候語、感嘆詞,甚或是語助詞的現象,因為這些言語表達使得男性得以宣稱自己身為一名不會隨便哭泣的父權男性,透過髒話的表述,男性得以確立自身的社會性別。然而,當越來越多女人想要做跟男人一樣的事情,對著另外一個女人咒罵著「幹你娘」的時候,這個畫面就有些奇怪了。<br />
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<b>當你說「幹」的時候 說的是什麼?</b><br />
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在被俗稱為國罵的「幹」一詞中,隱含了男性使用生殖器進入女性的意義,當女性使用「幹」的時候,主詞很顯然地不是咒罵者自己,而是咒罵的女性借用了社會中的任意第三者男性,來對對方或對方的母親進行了一次的辱罵,諸如「他媽的」、「操你媽的」和「雞掰」等中文中的髒話,都描繪出了髒話語言藉由對抗女性或母親的角色來行使父權的輪廓,是一種基於陽具思考的語言秩序(蔡珮,2004)。當女性口中咒罵著陽具思考的髒話時,卻同時複製了過去父權踐踏在女性頭上的權力不對等,不同於社會語言學將此視為一自然現象產生的差異來進行解釋,批判語言學對此有相當大的意見。<br />
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語言與思想間的關係,是長久以來在語言學界爭論已久的「雞生蛋」問題,Whorf-Sapir假說認定了語言的結構乃至於其詞彙,都大大地決定了說話者感知世界的方式,批判語言學家認為,語言是社會實踐的方式,語言被社會結構生產出來,卻也不斷地回饋至社會結構之上,鞏固社會秩序,父權社會的傳統禮教對女性貞操的限制,以及母親形象的束縛,與父權律則下的髒話語言相互作用,生產了更多的髒話,再現了更多的父權。當女性不再只能躲在角落哭泣時,或是因為沒有哭泣而受到非難時[1],女性藉由較高比例的髒話創就了新的情緒宣洩管道,而當女性嘴中操弄著這些咒罵詞時,卻實在地鞏固了長期操控著自身自由的父權體制。社會語言學傾向於將這些語言視為自然現象進行研究,也就是說社會語言學家樂見於這些髒話的出現與存在,但批判語言學家則認為,由於要一個女性在咒罵時改用「幹你爸」或是「他爸的」顯得異乎常情,因此我們應該透過教育或是其他方式消滅父權咒罵語言的存在。<br />
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<b>兜不出的後宮 女人鎖住了女人?</b><br />
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「賤人」本是男人用來辱罵那些「不乖乖聽話」的女人,而當後宮嬪妃以此互相咒罵,在情感獲得解放的同時,卻同時加深了禁錮在自己身上的牢籠,手持著父權的銳刃,踩在其他女人的身上,成功望上爬的,自然不會顧及父權的可恨,反倒會略有感激之意。女人何苦為難女人?在我看來,前者不過是父權體制的複製者,應該稱之為男人,男人當然會處心積慮地去為難女人了。<br />
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b>註解</b></span><br />
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[1]國外法庭曾發生母親由於並未因為小孩丟失而哭泣,進而遭到檢方懷疑是母親親自行兇的案例。<br />
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<b style="background-color: #eeeeee;">參考資料</b><br />
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(1)蔡珮(2005)。從污化女性髒話看父權在語言使用的權力展現。<br />
(2)韋津利、嚴韻、Wajnryb, R(2006)。髒話文化史.。麥田出版。Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05112078208466644020noreply@blogger.com0